Slovak Republic

Did You Know?

Population
5.4
mil.
Visitors per year
1.8
mil.
Renewable energy
5.83
%

How’s Life?

The Slovak Republic performs only moderately well in overall measures of well-being, as it ranks lower or close to the average in a large number of topics in the Better Life Index.

Money, while it cannot buy happiness, is an important means to achieving higher living standards. In the Slovak Republic, the average household earned 15 487 USD in 2008, less than the OECD average .

In terms of employment, nearly 59% of people aged 15 to 64 in the Slovak Republic have a paid job. People in the Slovak Republic work 1693 hours a year, less than in other OECD countries. 65% of mothers are employed after their children begin school, suggesting that women are able to successfully balance family and career.

Having a good education is an important requisite to finding a job. In the Slovak Republic, 90% of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school diploma, much higher than the OECD average. As to the quality of its educational system, the average student scored 477 out of 600 in reading ability according to the latest PISA student-assessment programme, lower than the OECD average.

In terms of health, life expectancy at birth in the Slovak Republic is 74.8 years, more than four years below the OECD average. The level of atmospheric PM10 – tiny air pollutant particles small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs – is 13 micrograms per cubic meter, and is lower than levels found in most OECD countries.

Concerning the public sphere, there is a strong sense of community and low levels of civic participation in the Slovak Republic. 90% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in a time of need, close to the OECD average of 91%. Voter turnout, a measure of public trust in government and of citizens' participation in the political process, was 55% during recent elections; this figure is much lower than the OECD average of 72%. In regards to crime, 4% of people reported falling victim to assault over the previous 12 months.

When asked, 27% of people in the Slovak Republic said they were satisfied with their life, much lower than the OECD average of 59%.

These findings are based on data from 2008 or later.

Topics

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Slovak Republic in Detail

Housing

more

Key Findings

In many OECD countries, home ownership is an important dimension of individual well-being. It protects owners from fluctuations in rents and ensures families a stable and secure shelter. Additionally, the value of a property represents a major source of wealth for households. Over 73% of occupied dwellings in the Slovak Republic are inhabited by the owners themselves, higher than the OECD-23 average of 67%.

In addition to measuring home ownership rates, it is also important to examine living conditions, such as the average number of rooms shared per person and whether households have access to basic facilities.

The number of rooms in a dwelling, divided by the number of persons living there, indicates whether residents are living in crowded conditions. Overcrowded housing may have a negative impact on physical and mental health, relations with others and the development of children. In addition, dense living conditions are often a sign of inadequate water and sewage supply. In the Slovak Republic, the average home contains 1.1 rooms per person, less than the OECD average of 1.6 rooms per person. In terms of basic facilities, 1.1% of dwellings in the Slovak Republic lack private access to indoor flushing toilets, less than the OECD average of 2.8% dwellings.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Income

more

Key Findings

While money may not buy happiness, it is an important means to achieving higher living standards and thus greater well-being. Higher economic wealth may also improve access to quality education, healthcare and housing.

Household net-adjusted disposable income is the amount of money that a household earns each year after tax. It represents the money available to a household for spending on goods or services. In Slovak Republic, the average household net-adjusted disposable income is 15 487 USD a year, lower than the OECD average of 22 284 USD.

Household financial wealth is the total value of a household’s financial worth. In Slovak Republic, the average household wealth is estimated at 2 366 USD, lower than the OECD average of 36 808 USD. While the ideal measure of household wealth should include real assets (e.g. land and dwellings), such information is currently available for only a small number of OECD countries.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Jobs

more

Key Findings

Having a job brings many important benefits, including: providing a source of income, improving social inclusion, fulfilling one’s own aspirations, building self-esteem and developing skills and competencies. In the Slovak Republic, nearly 59% of the working-age population aged 15 to 64 has a paid job. This figure is lower than the OECD employment average of 65%.

Unemployed persons are defined as those who are not currently working but are willing to do so and actively searching for work. Long-term unemployment can have a large negative effect on feelings of well-being and self-worth and result in a loss of skills, further reducing employability. In the Slovak Republic, the percentage of the labour force that has been unemployed for a year or longer is currently at 8.56%, one of the highest rates in the OECD.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Community

more

Key Findings

Humans are social creatures. The frequency of our contact with others and the quality of our personal relationships are thus crucial determinants of our well-being.

A strong social network, or community, can provide emotional support during both good and bad times as well as provide access to jobs, services and other material opportunities.

Conversely, a weak social network can result in limited economic opportunities, a lack of contact with others, and eventually, feelings of isolation. In the Slovak Republic, nearly 90% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in a time of need, close to the OECD average. Nearly 31% reported having helped a stranger in the last month, however, one of the lowest rates in the OECD.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Education

more

Key Findings

A well-educated and well-trained population is essential for a country’s social and economic well-being. Education plays a key role in providing individuals with the knowledge, skills and competences needed to participate effectively in society and in the economy. Most concretely, having a good education greatly improves the likelihood of finding a job and earning enough money. Across OECD countries, men with university-level degrees are 16% more likely to find jobs, and women are 30% more likely. Lifetime earnings also increase with each level of education.

Following a decline in manual labour over previous decades, employers now favour a more educated labour force. High-school graduation rates therefore provide a good indication of whether a country is preparing its students to meet the minimum requirements of the job market.

In the Slovak Republic, 90% of adults aged 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, much higher than the OECD average of 73%. Among younger people – a better indicator of the Slovak Republic’s future – 94% of 25-34 year-olds have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, also much higher than the OECD average of 80% and one of the highest rates in the OECD.

But graduation rates, while important, speak little to the quality of education received. The OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) reviews the extent to which students have acquired some of the knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies. In 2009, PISA focused on examining students’ reading ability, as research shows that reading skills are more reliable predictors of economic and social well-being than the number of years spent in school. The average student in the Slovak Republic scored 477 out of 600 in reading literacy, lower than the OECD average of 493.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Environment

more

Key Findings

Outdoor air pollution is one important environmental issue that directly affects the quality of peoples’ lives. Air pollution in urban centres, often caused by transport and the use of small-scale burning of wood or coal, is linked to a range of health problems, from minor eye irritation to upper respiratory symptoms in the short-term and chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer in the long-term. Children and the elderly may be particularly vulnerable.

PM10 – tiny particulate matter small enough to be inhaled into the deepest part of the lung – is monitored in OECD countries because it can harm human health and reduce life expectancy. In the Slovak Republic, PM10 levels are 13.1 micrograms per cubic meter, lower than the OECD average of 22 micrograms per cubic meter.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Governance

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. 43% of people in the Slovak Republic say they trust their political institutions, lower than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens' participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in the Slovak Republic was 55% of those registered. This figure is much lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allows the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in the Slovak Republic can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. The Slovak Republic is one of six OECD countries to protect individuals from any possible retaliation, but does not allow for anonymous requests.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Health

more

Key Findings

Most OECD countries have enjoyed large gains in life expectancy over the past decades, thanks to improvements in living conditions, public health interventions and progress in medical care. In 2008, life expectancy at birth in the Slovak Republic stood at 74.8 years - more than four years below the OECD average of 79 years. Life expectancy at birth in the Slovak Republic in 2008 was the third-lowest among OECD countries after Turkey (73.6 years) and Hungary (73.8 years).

Higher life expectancy is generally associated with higher healthcare spending per person, although many other factors have an impact on life expectancy (such as living standards, lifestyles, education and environmental factors). Total health spending accounted for 7.8% of GDP in the Slovak Republic in 2008, lower than the average of 9.0% in OECD countries. The Slovak Republic also ranks well below the OECD average in terms of total health spending per person, with spending of 1738 USD in 2008, compared with an OECD average of 3060 USD. Countries with high health spending per person include the United States (which spent 7538 USD per person in 2008), Norway and Switzerland.

Health spending per person in the Slovak Republic grew, in real terms, by an average of 11.0% per year between 2000 and 2008. This was the fastest growth rate of all OECD countries during this period, and was significantly higher than the OECD average of 4.2% per year. The strong rise in pharmaceutical spending has been one of the factors behind the rise in total health spending, accounting for 28.1% of total health spending in 2008, well above the OECD average of 17.1%.

Throughout the OECD, tobacco consumption and excessive weight gain remain two important risk factors for many chronic diseases.

The daily smoking rate among adults in the Slovak Republic was 25.0% of the adult population in 2006—slightly above the OECD average of 23.3 in 2008. Compared to current smoking rates in countries like Australia, Canada, the United States and Sweden (14-18%), the smoking rate among adults in the Slovak Republic is still relatively high.

The obesity rate among adults - based on actual measures of height and weight - was 16.9% in 2008. This is much lower than the obesity rate in the United States (33.8% in 2008) and significantly lower also than the rate in the United Kingdom (24.5% in 2008). The average for the 13 OECD countries with measured data was 21.0% in 2008. Obesity’s growing prevalence foreshadows increases in the occurrence of health problems (such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and asthma), and higher health care costs in the future.

When asked, "How is your health in general?", only 31% of people in the Slovak Republic reported to be in good health, much lower than the OECD average of 69% and the lowest rate in the OECD. Despite the subjective nature of this question, the answers have been found to be a good predictor of people’s future health care use.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Life Satisfaction

more

Key Findings

Happiness can be measured in terms of life satisfaction, the presence of positive experiences and feelings, and the absence of negative experiences and feelings. Such measures, while subjective, are a useful complement to compare the quality of life across countries.

For the Slovak Republic, like throughout much of the OECD, self-reported life satisfaction has been rising over the last decade. In recent polling, 27% were satisfied with their life and 43% believe that their life will be satisfying five years later. These figures are very low when compared to the OECD average of 63% and 71% respectively.

 

61% of people in the Slovak Republic reported having more positive experiences in an average day (feelings of rest, pride in accomplishment, enjoyment, etc) than negative ones (pain, worry, sadness, boredom, etc). This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%, and makes the Slovak Republic one of the unhappiest countries in the OECD.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Safety

more

Key Findings

Personal security is a core element for the well-being of individuals, and largely reflects the risks of people being physically assaulted or falling victim to other types of crime. Across the OECD, victimisation rates for conventional crime (theft, robbery, assault) have declined in the new millennium. In the Slovak Republic, 4% of people reported falling victim to assault over the previous 12 months, close to the OECD average.

The homicide rate (the number of murders per 100,000 inhabitants) is a more reliable measure of a country’s safety level because, unlike other crimes, murders are usually always reported to the police. According to the latest OECD data, the Slovak Republic’s homicide rate is 1.7, lower than the OECD average.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Work-Life Balance

more

Key Findings

Finding a suitable balance between work and life is a challenge for all workers, especially working parents. Some couples would like to have (more) children, but do not see how they could afford to stop working. Other parents are happy with the number of children in their family, but would like to work more. This is a challenge to governments because if parents cannot achieve their desired work/life balance, not only is their welfare lowered but so is development in the country.

In the Slovak Republic, 65% of mothers are employed after their children begin school; this figure is close to the OECD average of 66% and suggests that mothers are able to successfully balance family and career.

Another important aspect of work-life balance is the amount of time a person spends at work. Evidence suggests that long work hours may impair personal health, jeopardize safety and increase stress. People in the Slovak Republic work 1693 hours a year, lower than the OECD average of 1739.

The more people work, the less time they have to spend on other activities, such as time with others or leisure. The amount and quality of leisure time is important for people’s overall well-being, and can bring additional physical and mental health benefits. People in the Slovak Republic devote an estimated 64% of their day, or 15.3 hours, to personal care (eating, sleeping, etc.) and leisure (socializing with friends and family, hobbies, games, computer and television use, etc.) – close to the OECD average.

Data fortime devoted to leisure and personal care in the Slovak Republic rely on OECD estimates. These figures will be updated as official information becomes available.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.