Turkey

Did You Know?

Population
74.8
mil.
Visitors per year
25.0
mil.
Renewable energy
10.57
%

How’s Life?

Turkey has made considerable progress in improving the quality of life of its citizens over the last two decades. Notwithstanding, Turkey ranks low in a large number of topics relative to most other countries in the Better Life Index.

Money, while it cannot buy happiness, is an important means to achieving higher living standards. In Turkey, the average household earned 11 081 USD in 2008, less than the OECD average .

In terms of employment, nearly 46% of people aged 15 to 64 in Turkey have a paid job. People in Turkey work 1918 hours a year, more than in other OECD countries. 24% of mothers are employed after their children begin school, suggesting that women encounter difficulties when balancing family and career.

Having a good education is an important requisite to finding a job. In Turkey, only 30% of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school diploma, much lower than the OECD average. As to the quality of its educational system, the average student scored 464 out of 600 in reading ability according to the latest PISA student-assessment programme, also lower than the OECD average.

In terms of health, life expectancy at birth in Turkey is 73.6 years, nearly six years below the OECD average. However, Turkey registered one of the greatest gains in life expectancy between 1960 and 2008, with an overall increase in longevity of 25 years. The level of atmospheric PM10 – tiny air pollutant particles small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs – is 37 micrograms per cubic meter, and is much higher than levels found in most OECD countries.

Concerning the public sphere, there is a moderate sense of community and high levels of civic participation in Turkey. 79% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in a time of need, lower than the OECD average of 91%. Voter turnout, a measure of public trust in government and of citizens' participation in the political process, was 84% during recent elections; this figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%. In regards to crime, 6% of people reported falling victim to assault over the previous 12 months.

When asked, 28% of people in Turkey said they were satisfied with their life, much lower than the OECD average of 59%.

These findings are based on data from 2008 or later.

Topics

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Turkey in Detail

Housing

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Key Findings

In many OECD countries, home ownership is an important dimension of individual well-being. It protects owners from fluctuations in rents and ensures families a stable and secure shelter. Additionally, the value of a property represents a major source of wealth for households. Over 74% of occupied dwellings in Turkey are inhabited by the owners themselves, higher than the OECD-23 average of 67%.

In addition to measuring home ownership rates, it is also important to examine living conditions, such as the average number of rooms shared per person and whether households have access to basic facilities.

The number of rooms in a dwelling, divided by the number of persons living there, indicates whether residents are living in crowded conditions. Overcrowded housing may have a negative impact on physical and mental health, relations with others and the development of children. In addition, dense living conditions are often a sign of inadequate water and sewage supply. In Turkey, the average home contains 0.7 rooms per person, less than the OECD average of 1.6 rooms per person. In terms of basic facilities, 17% of dwellings in Turkey lack private access to indoor flushing toilets, much more than the OECD average of 2.8% dwellings and the highest rate in the OECD.

Indicators

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Income

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Key Findings

While money may not buy happiness, it is an important means to achieving higher living standards and thus greater well-being. Higher economic wealth may also improve access to quality education, healthcare and housing.

Household net-adjusted disposable income is the amount of money that a household earns each year after tax. It represents the money available to a household for spending on goods or services. In Turkey, the average household net-adjusted disposable income is estimated at 11 081 USD a year, lower than the OECD average of 22 284 USD.

Household financial wealth is the total value of a household’s financial worth. In Turkey, the average household wealth is estimated at 7 309 USD, lower than the OECD average of 36 808 USD. While the ideal measure of household wealth should include real assets (e.g. land and dwellings), such information is currently available for only a small number of OECD countries.

Data for household net-adjusted disposable income and household financial wealth in Turkey rely on OECD estimates. These figures will be updated as official information becomes available.

Indicators

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Jobs

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Key Findings

Having a job brings many important benefits, including: providing a source of income, improving social inclusion, fulfilling one’s own aspirations, building self-esteem and developing skills and competencies. In Turkey, nearly 46% of the working-age population aged 15 to 64 has a paid job. This figure is much lower than the OECD employment average of 65%, and the lowest rate in the OECD.

Unemployed persons are defined as those who are not currently working but are willing to do so and actively searching for work. Long-term unemployment can have a large negative effect on feelings of well-being and self-worth and result in a loss of skills, further reducing employability. In Turkey, the percentage of the labour force that has been unemployed for a year or longer is currently at 3.11%, close to the OECD average.

Indicators

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Community

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Key Findings

Humans are social creatures. The frequency of our contact with others and the quality of our personal relationships are thus crucial determinants of our well-being.

A strong social network, or community, can provide emotional support during both good and bad times as well as provide access to jobs, services and other material opportunities.

Conversely, a weak social network can result in limited economic opportunities, a lack of contact with others, and eventually, feelings of isolation. In Turkey, 79% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in a time of need, the lowest rate in the OECD. Nearly 36% reported having helped a stranger in the last month, fewer than in most OECD countries.

Indicators

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Education

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Key Findings

A well-educated and well-trained population is essential for a country’s social and economic well-being. Education plays a key role in providing individuals with the knowledge, skills and competences needed to participate effectively in society and in the economy. Most concretely, having a good education greatly improves the likelihood of finding a job and earning enough money. Across OECD countries, men with university-level degrees are 16% more likely to find jobs, and women are 30% more likely. Lifetime earnings also increase with each level of education.

Following a decline in manual labour over previous decades, employers now favour a more educated labour force. High-school graduation rates therefore provide a good indication of whether a country is preparing its students to meet the minimum requirements of the job market.

In Turkey, only 30% of adults aged 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, much lower than to the OECD average of 73%. Among younger people – a better indicator of Turkey’s future – 40% of 25-34 year-olds have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, or just half the OECD average of 80%. This makes Turkey one of the lowest ranking countries in terms of preparing its young adults with high-school degrees.

But graduation rates, while important, speak little to the quality of education received. The OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) reviews the extent to which students have acquired some of the knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies. In 2009, PISA focused on examining students’ reading ability, as research shows that reading skills are more reliable predictors of economic and social well-being than the number of years spent in school. The average student in Turkey scored 464 out of 600 in reading literacy, lower than the OECD average of 493.

Indicators

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Environment

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Key Findings

Outdoor air pollution is one important environmental issue that directly affects the quality of peoples’ lives. Air pollution in urban centres, often caused by transport and the use of small-scale burning of wood or coal, is linked to a range of health problems, from minor eye irritation to upper respiratory symptoms in the short-term and chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer in the long-term. Children and the elderly may be particularly vulnerable.

PM10 – tiny particulate matter small enough to be inhaled into the deepest part of the lung – is monitored in OECD countries because it can harm human health and reduce life expectancy. In Turkey, PM10 levels are 37.1 micrograms per cubic meter, much higher than the OECD average of 22 micrograms per cubic meter.

Indicators

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Governance

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Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. 57% of people in Turkey say they trust their political institutions, close to the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens' participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Turkey was 84% of those registered. This figure is much higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allows the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Turkey can file a request for information either in writing, online, or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

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Health

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Key Findings

Most OECD countries have enjoyed large gains in life expectancy over the past decades, thanks to improvements in living conditions, public health interventions and progress in medical care. Among OECD countries, Turkey registered one of the greatest gains in life expectancy between 1960 and 2008, with an overall increase in longevity of 25 years, rapidly narrowing the gap with the average across OECD countries. In 2008, life expectancy at birth for the whole population in Turkey stood at 73.6 years, or nearly six years below the OECD average of 79 years.

Higher life expectancy is generally associated with higher healthcare spending per person, although many other factors have an impact on life expectancy (such as living standards, lifestyles, education and environmental factors). Total health spending accounted for 6% of GDP in Turkey in 2007, below the average of 9% across OECD countries in 2008. Health spending tends to rise with income: in general, OECD countries with higher GDP per person tend to spend more on health. Given that Turkey has the lowest GDP per person among OECD countries, it is not surprising that it also spends the least per person, at 767 USD in 2007. This compares with an OECD average of 3060 USD in 2008.

Throughout the OECD, tobacco consumption and excessive weight gain remain two important risk factors for many chronic diseases.

Turkey has achieved some progress in reducing tobacco consumption, with the proportion of daily smokers among adults decreasing from 43.6% in 1989 to 27.4% in 2008. Still, smoking rates among adults in Turkey remain much higher than the OECD average of 23.3%. The lowest rates among OECD countries are in Australia, Sweden and the United States, all with fewer than 17% of adults reporting to be daily smokers.

In Turkey, the obesity rate among adults - based on self-reported height and weight - was 15.2% in 2008. This is much lower than for the United States (27.5% in 2008), but still slightly higher than average for the 21 OECD countries with self-reported data. Obesity’s growing prevalence foreshadows increases in the occurrence of health problems (such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and asthma), and higher health care costs in the future.

When asked, "How is your health in general?", 67% of people in Turkey reported to be in good health, slightly lower than the OECD average of 69%. Despite the subjective nature of this question, the answers have been found to be a good predictor of people’s future health care use.

Indicators

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Life Satisfaction

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Key Findings

Happiness can be measured in terms of life satisfaction, the presence of positive experiences and feelings, and the absence of negative experiences and feelings. Such measures, while subjective, are a useful complement to compare the quality of life across countries.

For Turkey, like throughout much of the OECD, self-reported life satisfaction has been rising over the last decade. In recent polling, 28% were satisfied with their life and 43% believe that their life will be satisfying five years later. These figures are very low when compared to the OECD average of 63% and 71% respectively.

57% of people in Turkey reported having more positive experiences in an average day (feelings of rest, pride in accomplishment, enjoyment, etc) than negative ones (pain, worry, sadness, boredom, etc). This figure is much lower than the OECD average of 72% and makes Turkey one of the unhappiest countries in the OECD.

Indicators

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Safety

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Key Findings

Personal security is a core element for the well-being of individuals, and largely reflects the risks of people being physically assaulted or falling victim to other types of crime. Across the OECD, victimisation rates for conventional crime (theft, robbery, assault) have declined in the new millennium. In Turkey, 6% of people reported falling victim to assault over the previous 12 months, higher than the OECD average of 4%.

The homicide rate (the number of murders per 100,000 inhabitants) is a more reliable measure of a country’s safety level because, unlike other crimes, murders are usually always reported to the police. According to the latest OECD data, Turkey’s murder rate decreased from 5.6 to 2.9, and is now only slightly higher than the OECD average.

Indicators

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Work-Life Balance

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Key Findings

Finding a suitable balance between work and life is a challenge for all workers, especially working parents. Some couples would like to have (more) children, but do not see how they could afford to stop working. Other parents are happy with the number of children in their family, but would like to work more. This is a challenge to governments because if parents cannot achieve their desired work/life balance, not only is their welfare lowered but so is development in the country.

In Turkey, 24% of mothers are employed after their children begin school; this figure is much lower than the OECD average of 66% and the lowest in the OECD, suggesting that mothers encounter difficulties when balancing family and career.

Another important aspect of work-life balance is the amount of time a person spends at work. Evidence suggests that long work hours may impair personal health, jeopardize safety and increase stress. People in Turkey work 1918 hours a year, higher than the OECD average of 1739 hours.

The more people work, the less time they have to spend on other activities, such as time with others or leisure. The amount and quality of leisure time is important for people’s overall well-being, and can bring additional physical and mental health benefits. People in Turkey devote 64% of their day, or 15.3 hours, to personal care (eating, sleeping, etc.) and leisure (socializing with friends and family, hobbies, games, computer and television use, etc.) – close to the OECD average.

Indicators

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